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IP Subnetting – The easy way

Is network subnetting driving you crazy ? Does binary math gives you headaches ? well..fear not, since the time i have delved into networks, i have gone through all the oohs and aaahs and the NAH’s of the logical crescendo , and I present you the easiest way to do subnetting. Generally,3 questions are being addressed when subnetting an IP-

1. No of subnets
2. No of valid hosts and
3. Host range/block size

We will tackle them one by one. First you need to know about IP addresses and their classes.

Class A includes 0-127 where 0 and 127 are reserved, the default subnet mask for this class is /8 .

Class B includes 128-191 in their first octet, and the default subnet mask for this class is /16

Class C deals with 192-224 in their first octet and the default subnet mask for this class is /24

Also, also, understand a simple concept, subnet masks lying between 8- 15 are A class masks, from 16- 23 are B class and 24-32 are C class masks. Furthermore, a subnet mask can be expressed as this where (N)etwork value and (H)ost values-

Class A : 255.0.0.0   = NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH  
Class B : 255.255.0.0 = NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH 
Class C : 255.255.0.0 = NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH
Class mask value          8        16        24        32

Now once you see it, lets tackle some real life questions. Lets find the no of subnets and valid hosts for 192.168.10.10/18

See this ? its a C class IP address having a mask of B class (as the mask lies between 16-24) now, in order to find the number of subnets, use the following formulae - 

2 ^ (What mask you have been provided – default mask of the IP address given)

putting the values here..

2^(18-16) –>  2^(2) –>  4 subnets

simple : )

Now for calculating the no.of hosts, use the below formulae -

2^(32- what mask you have been provided) –2

Putting values here..

2^(32-18)-2 -> 2^(14)-2 –> 16384-2 –> 16382 hosts

piece of cake ..

now to find the block size, see the provided mask lies between which next default mask value , which in this case is 24 (as 18 is greater than 16 and less than 24) . So ..

Subtract the provided mask with the class mask value which is greater than it.

2^(Next class mask value – provided mask)

which on putting values will be

2^(24-18) –> 2^6 –> 64

So, the block size will be of 64 . So, the IP addresses will be divided into 4 subnets (which we already calculated above) above as -

192.168.0.0 - 192.168.63.255

192.168.64.0 – 192.168.127.255

192.168.128.0 - 192.168.191.255

192.168.192.0 – 192.168.255.255

And the best part, its applicable to all classes : )

Happy Subnetting : ]

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HP LaserJet Error Messages S – Z

Message on printer display	What it means	What to do
SHORTAGE PAGE SIMPLIFIED	The printer had to compress the job to fit it in available memory. Some data loss might have occurred.	1. Press GO to continue. (The print quality of these pages might not be acceptable.) Add more memory to the printer or to simplify the print job
RAM DISK IS WRITE PROTECTED	RAM disk is protected, and no new files can be written to it.	Disable the write protection through HP JetAdmin.
TONER LOW	The message first appears when about 15 percent of the toner is remaining in the toner cartridge (about 1,500 pages remaining for the 10,000-page cartridge and about 900 pages remaining for the 6,000- page cartridge at five percent coverage). Depending on how the printer has been configured in the configuration menu, it will either continue to print or stop.	If the printer has stopped, you can resume printing by pressing GO for each job.  The high voltage power supply could also cause this error.
TONER OUT	The toner cartridge has run out of toner. Depending on how the printer has been configured, it will either continue to print or stop. Due to the resolution of the toner level sensor, it is possible that a small amount of toner (less than one percent) might still be present in the cartridge.	If the printer has stopped, you can resume printing by pressing GO for each job. Replace toner cartridge. The high voltage power supply could also cause this error.
TRAY [X] EMPTY [TYPE] [SIZE]	The specified tray is empty, but the current job does not need this tray in order to print correctly. If this message appears and the tray contains print media, a sensor could be damaged.	1. Load the empty tray (x) to clear the message. If you do not load the specified tray, the printer will continue printing from the next available tray, and the message remains. 2. If the message remains after the specified tray is loaded, check sensor arm flags for damage and be sure they move freely. 4. Replace defective paper out sensors.
TRAY [x] LOAD [TYPE] [SIZE] where x is tray 2, 3, or 4	This message occurs for the following reasons: Tray 2, 3, or 4 was requested, but the tray is empty. Tray 2, 3, or 4 was requested, but the adjustments are not set for the requested type or size.	1. Make sure that all three paper size adjustments have been made. Also make sure that the type has been set at the control panel. 2. Load the requested media into an indicated tray. Ensure the tray is fully seated.   4. Make sure the paper tray is set for the proper size.  Also you might need to replace the cassette size PCA.
TRAY 1 LOAD [TYPE] [SIZE]	The print job has requested a size and/or type of media that is not loaded.	Load the requested print media into tray 1 (or any other desired tray). - Ensure that the trays are correctly adjusted for size. - The tray type settings (and size for tray 1) must be set from the paper-handling menu. If this message appears and the correct media is loaded: - Ensure that all paper size adjustments have been properly performed (see page 220). - Ensure the tray type setting is correct in the paper-handling menu. - Check the size tabs on the right side of the tray. - Check the size switches and paper sensors. - Ensure the tray is fully seated.
TRAY 1 SIZE = [xxxx]	The printer is asking what size of media has been loaded in tray 1.	In response, you can take either of the following actions: 1. Press SELECT to accept the paper size. 2. Press -VALUE+ to change the size and then press SELECT to accept the new size. The printer will first display the TRAY 1 TYPE = XXXX message (see the description of that message). If you do not press any buttons in the time-out period (about one minute), it displays this TRAY 1 SIZE = XXXX message. Changing the size here changes the default for tray 1 paper size in the paper-handling menu.
TRAY 1 TYPE = [xxxx]	The printer has received a job under the three following conditions: - The media type requested by the job is not available in the printer. - Tray 1 has been set for CASSETTE. - Media has been placed in tray 1 (thus triggering tray 1’s paper sensor). If you do not press any buttons, the message disappears in about one minute).	You can take either of the following actions: 1. Press SELECT to accept the paper type. 2. Press -VALUE+ to change the type and then press SELECT to select the new type. Note Changing the type here changes the default for tray 1 media type in the paper-handling menu. If you do not do anything during the time-out period (about one minute), the printer will print on the media in tray 1.
UNABLE TO MOPY JOB	Memory or file system failures would not allow a mopy job to occur. Only one copy will be produced.	1. Reseat RAM DIMMs and/or the EIO hard disk. 2. Install additional memory or an EIO hard disk.
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